Burnout and Self-Care in Social Work

Burnout and Self-Care in Social Work: Second Edition

A Guidebook for Students and Those In the Mental Health and Related Professions

In the new edition, SaraKay introduces Societal Burnout as an essential component of burnout and illustrates its interaction with personal, professional, relational, and physical arenas of burnout. She also explores the impact of moral distress and dysfunctional leadership in families, work settings and society; addresses differences between depression and burnout from a psychosocial perspective; and shares vital information about our “inner-self” development. This innovative study can be beneficial to all seeking insight and balance in approaching their personal and professional responsibilities, as well as a reliable “emotional sense of direction” for themselves and their families.

Click here for SaraKay’s other books and reviews.
Click here for interviews & reflections about this book.
Click here for essential themes in Edition 2 of Burnout.

Latest Articles

Film Review: Wicked: For Good

In this treacherous time, as our rule of law is being steadily dismantled, thank you for your patience as I have tried to share examples of hope and direction from past and present. I see "Wicked: For Good" as a brilliant example of this "wake-up call," and regret that The Golden Globes did not honor director Jon M. Chu with a nomination as director and the film itself as one of the worthiest films of the year.

Read the full review of Wicked: For Good on socialworker.com

Image Credit: ©2025 Searchlight Pictures

Read the full review on socialworker.com

by SaraKay Smullens, MSW, LCSW, DCSW, CGP, CFLE, BCD

    Infuriated when Oliver Stone’s 1994 blockbuster film Natural Born Killers labeled our most vulnerable clients innate killers, I countered by coining the term “natural social workers.” Jon M. Chu is one of us, refusing to label or push clients into rigid categories—predicting change is impossible, hope a fantasy. Through his two-part Wicked extravaganza, Wicked: Part One, released a year ago, and the newly released Wicked: For Good, Chu addresses the complexities of character development—the impact on a child shunned, loathed, abandoned, her only purpose to care for and protect her younger sister, and the impact on another, raised to believe that only her wishes and desires mattered. Like Chu, social workers never accept setbacks as indication to abandon our efforts, quiet our passion, relinquish dreams and the power of hope. In keeping with other reviews, what follows will be a discussion of the film’s framing and Chu’s brilliantly creative intent. There will be no spoilers.

     To recap: As Wicked: Part One progressed, two young students, each emotionally abused—Elphaba (Cynthia Erivo), a relentlessly discarded Person of Color, in this case Green, and G(a)linda (Ariana Grande), white, grossly overindulged and overprotected—forge a loyal friendship, despite grave odds. This includes the love each holds for the dashing Prince Fiyero (Jonathan Bailey, People Magazine’s 2025 sexiest man alive). We watch as Elphaba grows beyond the pain of rejection and abandonment. Their relationship opens the door a crack toward Glinda’s awareness.

Max Kennedy’s commentary

The following letter to The Globe was submitted on December 6th.

Photo Illustration By Luis G. Rendon/Globe Staff; Associated Press File Photos

Submitted to the editor:

Max Kennedy’s commentary offers tragic illumination to the destruction of the values that make and keep America great, as well as dire threat to the rule of law that the Trump years have brought all of us.  For me personally, this portrayal offers bitter-sweet memories and “if only” regret. The Robert Kennedy I had the good fortune to see at work was brought to life by his son, his commitment to a just America and determination to end poverty, his driving force.  To explain: Through the efforts of a wondrous mentor, Dr. Mildred Otenasek, Maryland’s national committeewoman, a staunch Kennedy supporter, just before my junior year at Baltimore’s Goucher College, I was appointed delegation “page” at the 1960 Democratic convention, which led to meeting Max’s parents, as well as the future president, and a post college job at the DNC. During a White House assignment to work on the second Inaugural Gala, President Kennedy recommended social work to me as a profession.  I was in my first year of grad school at Catholic U when our president was assassinated. On June 9, 1968, I held up my daughter, less than a month old, so together we could pay respects to Robert Kennedy, assassinated on a likely road to presidency, as the train carrying him sped through Philadelphia, now my home.  Through the years that Lynne Abraham was DA (1991 through 2010), she referred carefully selected cases to me for intensive therapy, rather than incarceration. During this period, I had the privilege of seeing Max at work in his first post law school position — his deepest concern the link between poverty and crime.  Like Max’s father, his mind is golden, his soul one of a poet. May his words strengthen us in committed effort to save a democracy, which under the present administration is growing more fragile day by day.

Sincerely,
SaraKay Smullens
Philadelphia

Submitted to The Boston Globe, December 6, 2025

A message of healing

To the editor:

It was on a Halloween day, years ago, prior to an evening date to take our two little girls trick-or-treating, that I learned my marriage had ended. I ordered pizza for dinner and explained that Daddy was working. Somehow, some way, I managed not to disappoint my daughters and was able to experience a few fleeting moments of joy with them. Once home — after eating lots of candy - bath time was skipped, and bedtime awaited. After my daughters were asleep, I went to my bathroom, ran the sink and tub faucets, and allowed the tears to fall. Sobs grew into terrified screams, unlike anything I had ever heard. I could not believe they were coming from me, because they did not seem human. They sounded, instead, as if they came from a wounded animal. This trauma marked a necessary milestone in my growing up — taking responsibility for my life, my happiness, my fulfillment. Badly needing money, I developed my private practice as a clinical social worker, I began writing a column for this newspaper, and I turned those pieces into a first book. Through this work, I joined with others to lobby hard for much-needed divorce reforms in Pennsylvania — at the time, we were the only state bound by three brutal legal inequities: no “no fault” divorce, no equitable division of marital property, and no provisions for alimony. Our reform was accomplished; I was told parts of my columns were read on the floor of the General Assembly before the votes changing the laws were cast. Two years later, I met the wonderful, generous man I have now been married to for 45 years, and my small family of three grew into a boisterous one of six. I share these years in my life as we face a brutally difficult time in our country, when countless people are facing trauma and searching for a way forward. I’ve learned — and my work has validated - that fear can be willed into vital strength and direction. That begins with recognizing the value of, and power within, yourself.

SaraKay Smullens
Philadelphia

Published in The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 31, 2025

Events

SaraKay has presented her findings and spoken regularly at many conferences and conducted many workshops through the years. She has also been invited to book clubs and private gatherings. Additionally, she has appeared on television and radio shows.

Selected Presentations Include:
  • Presentation for Temple University Osher Lifelong Learning Institute
  • Speaker: SSWLHC 2021
  • Webinar: PA Patient Safety Authority (PAPSA): “Examination and Addressing Healthcare Professional Burnout, From Burnout to Resiliency”
  • Webinar: American College of Medical Quality (ACMQ): “Examination and Addressing Physician Burnout, From Burnout to Resiliency”
  • Webinar: Hospital Association of Rhode Island (HARI): “From Burnout to Resiliency”
  • SKMC Faculty Quality Leadership (QIPS): “Examination and Addressing Physician Burnout”
  • SKMC Student Physician Leadership (PEL): “Avoiding Burnout: Reigniting the Fire”
  • Webinar Connecticut Hospital Association: “From Burnout to Resiliency”
  • “Beyond Burnout: The Creation of a Fulfilling Marriage Between Self-Care and an Emotional Sense of Direction,” The Inaugural Mary Ann Komaran Symposium, Royal Alexandria Hospital of Alberta, Canada
  • Webinar: Child Hub for South East Europe, “The Journey From Compassion Fatigue to Compassion Satisfaction”
  • Care Gathering at the Philadelphia County Medical Society (to highlight the   epidemic of suicides among physicians and medical students)
  • The National Meeting of the National Association of Social Workers
  • “From Compassion Fatigue to Compassion Satisfaction: A Concentration on the Development of a Reliable Emotional Sense of Direction,” Tuttleman Educational Seminar, Magee Rehabilitation Hospital
  • “Beyond Burnout, Its Prevalence and Toll: The Creation of a Fulfilling Relationship Between Self-Care and an Emotional Sense of Direction,” NASW-PA
  • “Beyond Burnout, Its Prevalence and Toll: The Creation of a Fulfilling Marriage Between Self-Care and an Emotional Sense of Direction,” 30th Annual Social Work Symposium, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota
  • “The Overlooked “Self” in Self-Care: Alleviating and Preventing Burnout in Group and Therapist with Common Sense and Individualized Creativity,” AGPA
  • “A Committed and Fulfilling Marriage Between Self-Care and An Emotional Sense of Direction,” NASW-PA
  • “Achieving an Emotional Sense of Direction: A Response to Pervasive Societal Burnout,” NASW National Conference
  • The William J. Neff, Sr. Symposium: Prevention of Crimes Against Older Adults: Avoiding Burnout of Care Givers
  • “Safety and Self-Care.” NASW-PA Philadelphia Division at the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice
  • Webinar: “Facing the Demons Head-On: The Impact of Burnout” NASW
  • Suicide and Depression in the Medical Profession, Pennsylvania Medical Society
  • Numerous discussions on the film, The Tale, with Jennifer Fox
  • Webinar for students at California’s Brandman University: focus individual, professional, and societal burnout
  • The Athenaeum
  • Jewish Family and Children’s Service
  • Goucher College Book Fair
  • Jewish Family and Children’s Service Viewing of THE TALE: with Jennifer Fox
  • American Group Psychotherapy Association Presentation: with Jennifer Fox
  • Rhode Island Hospital Association, With Stanton Smullens
  • American Council of Graduate Medical Education, With Stanton Smullens
  • Pennsylvania Patient Authority, With Stanton Smullens
  • Jefferson Medical School Students, With Stanton Smullens
  • Jefferson Hospital Departmental Quality Improvement Directors, With Stanton Smullens
  • SP2 Celebrates Inaugural Inductees at Alumni Hall of Fame Ceremony
  • NASW 2018 Conference: Intensive: From Compassion Fatigue to Compassion Satisfaction: The Road to An Emotional Sense of Direction
  • Panel Discussion With Jennifer Fox, writer and director of THE TALE
  • "The Meaning of Friendship" at Penn’s Village
  • An Introduction to the LiveWell Program: A Peer-Led, Guided Self-Care Wellness Program for Depression
  • The National Meeting of the National Association of Social Workers
  • The University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work (now the School of Social Policy and Practice)
  • The American Group Psychotherapy Association
  • Care Gathering at the Philadelphia County Medical Society (which highlighted the suicides of physicians and medical students)
  • The William J. Neff, Sr. Symposium: Prevention of Crimes Against Older Adults
  • Pennsylvania Chapter Of The National Association Of Social Workers 
  • Various Book Clubs, Organizations, and Living Rooms discussions
  • Child Hub for South East Europe, The journey from compassion fatigue to compassion satisfaction: addr essing burnout with an emphasis on the self in self-care
  • The American Group Psychotherapy Association Annual Meeting
  • Mayo Clinic, Full-day Symposium on Burn Out and Self-Care
  • AmeriCorps Alums: Philadelphia Chapter
  • Royal Alexandra Hospital System, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • Magee Hospital
  • Dr. Guy Freed Educational Seminar: Tuttleman Family Foundation, Magee Hospital
  • Discussion Group: The Positive Agers: for those over age 50
  • Various book clubs and discussion groups
A photo of Sarakay Smullens

SaraKay Smullens

Social Worker, Life Activist, Educator, Psychotherapist

SaraKay Smullens, LCSW, ACSW, BCD, DCSW, CGP, CFLE, whose private and pro bono clinical social work practice is in Philadelphia, is a certified group psychotherapist and family life educator. In addition to her clinical emphasis, a long-standing professional priority has been to bring social work awareness and psychological insights to the public at large, and through this process join those devoted to addressing and alleviating divisiveness and rage in families, work settings, and society through education, advocacy, and activism.

SaraKay's activist roots began in her hometown, Baltimore, where as a child she witnessed the evils and degradation of the Jim Crow laws. While in undergraduate school at Goucher College, then a women’s college located in Baltimore, she successfully led a two-year campus coalition to end segregation in Towson, Maryland, the Baltimore suburb where Goucher College is located. A graduation award for this initiative led to an introduction to John F. Kennedy at the Democratic Convention in 1960, and subsequent employment at the Democratic National Committee, where she became a regional coordinator for young Democrats. It was President Kennedy who recommended social work to her as a profession.

In graduate school at Catholic University’s National Catholic School of Social Service in Washington, DC when President Kennedy was assassinated, she transferred to the University of Pennsylvania to complete her degree, where her scholarship and stipend were continued. The enormous impact of this year at Penn is documented in her fourth book, a second edition of Burnout and Self-Care in Social Work: A Guide for Students and Those in Mental Health and Related Professions, Work (publication date, October, 2021, NASW Press). The edition adds the dangers of societal burnout to the concentration on the personal, professional, relational, physical, and societal arenas in our lives where burnout is found — and the causes, warning signs, and evidence based self-care approaches to alleviate their danger and toll, The second edition also offers a fuller explanation of the differences between burnout and depression; and the impact of dysfunctional leadership in every facet of our lives, and democracy as a whole.

When Lynne Abraham became Philadelphia’s first woman District Attorney, she offered SaraKay an extraordinary pro bono opportunity: With the input of psychiatric consultation, she worked with staff to carefully select first offenders in domestic violence cases where there were no fatalities. In lieu of incarceration individuals and their families were offered intensive group psychotherapy, augmented by individual, couple, and family therapy and family life education. Her pro bono practice continues.

A best selling author. SaraKay’s articles and commentaries have appeared in peer-reviewed journals, newspapers, magazines, and blogs. Her articles about domestic abuse contributed to the reform of brutal, archaic Pennsylvania divorce laws. Her investigation of invisible patterns of emotional abuse, always part of physical and sexual violence, led to their independent codification. It also led to the founding of the Sabbath of Domestic Peace, an initiative focused on the involvement of Philadelphia clergy, identified as “a missing link,” in addressing the epidemic of domestic abuse and violence.

SaraKay’s professional papers and memorabilia are divided between the Archives of the University of Pennsylvania, Goucher College, and the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. A recipient of numerous awards, in 2019 SaraKay was one of five graduates of the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice inducted into its Inaugural Hall of Fame.

 
      
The outline of a trophy encased in a circle

Awards and Honors

  • Society for Social Work Leadership’s 2021 Kermit B. Nash Award
  • Lifetime Achievement Award from the Pennsylvania chapter of NASW
  • NASW Media Award
    Best Magazine Article
  • Woman Leader of Distinction Award The Eastern Region Women's Ministry Pennsylvania Baptist State Convention
  • Honored Author, Diamond Jubilee Borrowers Ball
    The Free Library of Phildelphia
  • Louise Waterman Wise Award
    American Jewish Congress,
    Pennsylvania Region
  • Peace Medal, Women’s International
    League for Peace and Freedom
    Maryland Chapter
  • NASW Media Award
    "What I Wish I Had Known: Burnout and Self-Care In our Social Work Profession."
    The New Social Worker
 
   
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Professional Credentials and Memberships

  • Academy of Certified Social Workers
  • Authors Guild
  • Fellow, Pennsylvania Society for Clinical Social Work
  • National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
  • Pennsylvania Chapter, NASW
  • National Council on Family Relations (Certified Family Life Educator)
  • American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA), Certified Group Psychotherapist
  • Pennsylvania Chapter, (AGPA)